Some Notes - 25

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SIGGRAPH

• 2000 - A three-dimensional computer model of the human heart for studying cardiac fluid dynamics
• 2015 - Multi-scale, multi-physics heart simulator, UT-heart VFX breakdown, “Best Visualization or Simulation” at SIGGRAPH 2015’s Computer Animation Festival

Year	Title	Summary
2000	A Three-Dimensional Computer Model of the Human Heart for Studying Cardiac Fluid Dynamics (SIGGRAPH)	Pioneering work by McQueen & Peskin using the Immersed Boundary Method to model full heart fluid dynamics; foundational for future fluid–structure interaction studies.
2015	Immersed boundary-finite element model of fluid-structure interaction in the aortic root (Griffith et al.)	Combines IB method with finite-element hyperelastic modeling of the aortic root and valve; reproduces realistic cardiac output and valve mechanics.
2017	Image-based immersed boundary model of the aortic root (Hasan et al.)	Constructs anatomically realistic aortic root and ascending aorta from CT data, with fiber-reinforced leaflet mechanics; analyzes differences in valve material properties.
2019	Modeling the Mitral Valve (Kaiser, McQueen, Peskin)	Focuses on mitral valve modeling with design-based methodology and IB method; incorporates anatomy-informed fiber topology and realistic closure under physiological pressures.
2023	Comparison of Immersed Boundary Simulations of Heart Valve Hemodynamics against In Vitro 4D Flow MRI Data (Kaiser et al.)	Validates IB simulations against in vitro 4D flow MRI of a pulmonary valve; shows strong qualitative and quantitative agreement.

4d Medical Modeling

Emulate, Inc. - Organs‑on‑Chips

• Simulates the functions of various human organs for drug development and toxicology testing
• Collaborates with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center to advance precision medicine applications and conducts joint research with the US FDA to enable its “Human Emulation System” for regulatory evaluation

BiomimX - Beating Organs‑on‑Chip

• heart, liver, muscle models
• “uBeat™” platform for simulating cardiovascular and muscle tissue

Mimetas - Complex tissues, in a relevant in vitro microenvironment

• Development of the OrganoPlate (microfluidic multi-well chip) for high-throughput screening, supporting multiple tissue/disease models
• Collaboration with pharmaceutical giants (Roche, Pfizer, etc.) for the application of 3D organ models in drug testing

Organovo Holdings, Inc.

• Pioneering 3D Human Tissues for Drug Discovery

Company	Core Technology	Applications	Academic & Industrial Impact	Clinical / Transplant Potential
Emulate, Inc. (US)	Organs-on-Chips simulating human organ functions	Drug discovery, toxicology, precision medicine	Partnered with Cedars-Sinai, joint studies with FDA; widely recognized leader in Organs-on-Chips	Low – mainly preclinical / regulatory evaluation
BiomimX (Italy)	Beating Organs-on-Chip with integrated mechanical stimulation (heart, liver, muscle)	Cardiovascular research, drug safety testing	“uBeat™” platform uniquely mimics beating environments; collaborations with pharma companies	Medium – strong physiological fidelity, but still preclinical
Mimetas (Netherlands)	OrganoPlate microfluidic chip enabling parallel multi-organ models	High-throughput drug screening, disease models	Collaborations with Roche, Pfizer; top European Organs-on-Chip platform	Low – focused on drug testing, not transplantation
Organovo (US)	3D bioprinting of human tissues	Disease modeling, drug discovery, regenerative medicine	Pioneer in 3D bioprinting; active in academia and industry collaborations	High – printed tissues show potential for future transplantation
Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics (CDI, US)	iPSC-derived large-scale cardiomyocytes and other organ cells	Drug screening, safety testing, disease modeling, regenerative medicine	Supplies high-quality human cells for pharma and academia; key provider in heart research	High – direct applications in regenerative medicine and potential transplantation

Some start-ups

Humimic Biosystems - Organ on Chip, 2023

DASI Simulations - AI-powered cardiac simulations, GIT, 2019

Novoheart - Heart Disease Modeling & Drug Discovery/Screening, 2014

Living Heart Project - The Living Heart Project, 2014

Katie

Pixel 10 - 2025

• C2PA

• Chris Mairs CBE

• David AI

Crossbow Therapeutics, Inc - 2021, A

Modeling

Some Other Topics

System / Device	Approx. FLOPS (Floating Point Ops per Second)	Notes
Human (mental arithmetic)	~1 FLOP/s	Roughly one basic operation per second when doing math by hand.
iPhone 15 (A17 Pro GPU)	~3.6 × 10¹² FLOPS (3.6 TFLOPS)	Smartphone-level GPU performance.
NVIDIA RTX 4090	~8.2 × 10¹³ FLOPS (82 TFLOPS)	High-end consumer GPU (2022).
NVIDIA RTX 5090 (est.)	~1.3–1.5 × 10¹⁴ FLOPS (130–150 TFLOPS)	Next-gen GPU (expected 2024–2025).
Fugaku Supercomputer	~4.4 × 10¹⁷ FLOPS (442 PFLOPS)	Japan’s flagship supercomputer.
Human Brain (estimate)	~1 × 10¹⁵ – 1 × 10¹⁷ FLOPS	Equivalent estimate based on ~10¹⁴–10¹⁵ synapses firing at ~10–100 Hz.